1902--62, Austrian Nazi official, who took a leading role in organizing the extermination of the European Jews. The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being. The documents also revealed that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European Communist countries. [152] Eichmann was convicted on 15 counts of crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation. [45] By the time he left Vienna in May 1939, nearly 100,000 Jews had left Austria legally, and many more had been smuggled out to Palestine and elsewhere. [53] Heydrich announced Eichmann to be his "special expert", in charge of arranging for all deportations into occupied Poland. [152] The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law,[153][h] under which he was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation. [89][92] In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July. In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. [117] In 1957, Bauer passed along the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. His birth certificate as well as official Nazi-era documents confirm that 'Otto Adolf' is correct. To co-ordinate planning for the genocide, Heydrich, who was Eichmann's superior, hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942. "[211] The term "little Eichmanns" became a pejorative term for bureaucrats charged with indirectly and systematically harming others. During the trial, he did not deny the Holocaust or his role in organising it, but claimed that he was simply following orders in a totalitarian Führerprinzip system. [30] On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–93). He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932. [206] In Israel, the testimony of witnesses at the trial led to a deeper awareness of the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, especially among younger citizens. His father withdrew him from the ‘Realschule’ because of his poor performance and enrolled him at a vocational college, ‘Hohere Bundeslehranstalt fur Elektrotechnik, Maschinebau und Hochbau’. Dieter Wisliceny testified at Nuremberg that Eichmann told him he would "leap laughing into the grave because the feeling that he had five million people[b] on his conscience would be for him a source of extraordinary satisfaction". Adolf Eichmann was born in Solingen in the Rhine Province of Germany on March 19, 1905. During the period 1927-1933 he worked as a district agent in the Salzburg district of Upper Austria for the ‘Vacuum Oil Company’. [53] Within a few days of his appointment, Eichmann formulated a plan to deport 600,000 Jews into the General Government. There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, with whom they were unable to strike a deal. [71], To co-ordinate planning for the proposed genocide, Heydrich hosted the Wannsee Conference, which brought together administrative leaders of the Nazi regime on 20 January 1942. As a clear decision to exterminate had been made by his superiors, the matter was out of his hands; he felt absolved of any guilt. In 1934 he served […] [4], After Germany's defeat in 1945, Eichmann was captured by US forces, but escaped from a detention camp and moved around Germany to avoid re-capture. He returned to Germany in 1933 when the Nazi party came to power. Both were concerned about what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, including the Nuremberg Laws. [75] Under Eichmann's supervision, large-scale deportations began almost immediately to extermination camps at Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka and elsewhere. He returned to Germany in 1933, where he joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD, "Security Service"); there he was appointed head of the department responsible for Jewish affairs—especially emigration, which the Nazis encouraged through violence and economic pressure. [52] Meanwhile, as part of Hitler's long-range resettlement plans, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were being transported into the annexed territories, and ethnic Poles and Jews were being moved further east, particularly into the General Government. [97] At the end of August he was assigned to head a commando squad to assist in the evacuation of 10,000 ethnic Germans trapped on the Hungarian border with Romania in the path of the advancing Red Army. [10], Eichmann attended the Kaiser Franz Joseph Staatsoberrealschule (state secondary school) in Linz, the same high school Adolf Hitler had attended some 17 years before. [83], Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. [53], On 19 December 1939, Eichmann was assigned to head RSHA Referat IV B4 (RSHA Sub-Department IV-B4), tasked with overseeing Jewish affairs and evacuation. Adolf Karl was the bookkeeper for a power company within the area, however in 1913 was promoted to a higher position in Austria. He even learned a smattering of Hebrew and Yiddish, gaining a reputation as a specialist in Zionist and Jewish matters. [185] The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the Einsatzgruppen. Their walk is unstudied; their sober and intense attention, visibly stiffening under the impact of grief as they listen to the tales of suffering, is natural; their impatience with the prosecutors attempt to drag out the hearings is spontaneous and refreshing; their attitu… The people they were sent to rescue refused to leave, so instead the soldiers helped evacuate members of a German field hospital trapped close to the front. In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food. Adolf Eichmann, the son of Adolf Karl Eichmann and Maria nee Schefferling, was born in 1906 in Solingen, Germany. [16] The party platform included the dissolution of the Weimar Republic in Germany, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. He was a mediocre, if not poor,student. Germany invaded Hungary in March 1944, and Eichmann oversaw the deportation of much of the Jewish population. He escaped from a work detail at Cham, Germany, when he realised that his identity had been discovered. Eichmann pursued party activities in Linz on weekends while continuing in his position at Vacuum Oil in Salzburg. In 1960 the Israeli intelligence service finally arrested and brought him to Israel to stand trial on fifteen charges including crimes against the Jewish people and humanity. [171] The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including Chełmno extermination camp, Auschwitz, and Minsk (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews),[172] and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed. After the war, uncertainty over his forenames became apparent. His father, an accountant for an electrical company, moved his family to Linz, Austria, in 1914. The letter was signed and dated: “Adolf Eichmann Jerusalem, May 29, 1962.” Eichmann was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and sentenced to death on Dec. 15, 1961. [155] The chief prosecutor was Israeli Attorney General Gideon Hausner, assisted by Deputy Attorney General Gabriel Bach and Tel Aviv District Attorney Yaakov Bar-Or. He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop Alois Hudal. He moved from the SD to the Gestapo in 1939 and became the head of section IV D4 (Clearing Activities) of the RSHA in 1940 and then head of section IV B4 (Jewish Affairs) in March 1941. For the film, see, German Nazi official, a major organiser of the Holocaust, Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks, Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators, Resistance: Judenrat, victims, documentation and technical, Transition from emigration to deportation. [53] In his role as minister responsible for the Four Year Plan, on 24 March 1940 Hermann Göring forbade any further transports into the General Government unless cleared first by himself or Frank. Born in: Solingen, Rhine Province, Germany, Notorious As: One of the Main Organizers of the Holocaust, children: Dieter Helmut Eichmann, Horst Adolf Eichmann, Klaus Eichmann, Ricardo Francisco Eichmann, awards: - War Merit Cross 1st Class with swords - War Merit Cross 2nd Class with swords - Anschluss Medal, - SA Sports Badge (Bronze) - SS Honour Ring - Honour Chevron for the Old Guard - SS Julleuchter - SS Zivilabzeichen, See the events in life of Adolf Eichmann in Chronological Order. [189] On 15 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death by hanging. He was captured by the Israeli intelligence service Mossad and was hanged in 1962 after being found guilty of war crimes in a well-publicized trial by the Israeli court. [139] Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council in June 1960, after unsuccessful negotiations with Israel, as they regarded the capture to be a violation of their sovereign rights. [142] The Israeli court ruled that the circumstances of his capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial. [186] He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions onboard the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains. [147] The interrogator was Chief Inspector Avner Less of the national police. [141] Israel and Argentina issued a joint statement on 3 August, after further negotiations, admitting the violation of Argentinian sovereignty but agreeing to end the dispute. [23] In late December, when this unit was dissolved, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Scharführer (squad leader, equivalent to corporal). [111], Several survivors of the Holocaust dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other Nazis, among them Jewish Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. [180], Throughout his cross-examination, prosecutor Hausner attempted to get Eichmann to admit he was personally guilty, but no such confession was forthcoming. Nazi war criminal. [195] Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency. [15], A few months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil. Transports continued, but at a much slower pace than originally envisioned. He held a series of low-paying jobs until finding employment at Mercedes-Benz, where he rose to department head. [24] Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next door to Dachau concentration camp. [c] The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem, in which Arendt coined the phrase "the banality of evil" to describe Eichmann. [167] Hausner's intention was to not only demonstrate Eichmann's guilt but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record. He lived in Austria up to 1950 after which he fled to Argentina and took shelter there under a false identity. [135] He was smuggled out of Argentina aboard the same El Al Bristol Britannia aircraft that had carried Israel's delegation a few days earlier to the official 150th anniversary celebration of the May Revolution. This was the same school which Adolf Hitler had attended 17 years before. [56][57] While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations. Author (s): … [101], At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as Otto Eckmann. [137] They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced his capture to the Knesset the following afternoon. The three wrestled Eichmann to the ground and, after a struggle, moved him to a car where they hid him on the floor under a blanket. [54] The job entailed co-ordinating with police agencies for the physical removal of the Jews, dealing with their confiscated property, and arranging financing and transport. [146] The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so he was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which totalled over 3,500 pages. He was captured by the Allies when Germany was defeated in 1945, but escaped to Austria in 1946. [177] Servatius also proposed that decisions of the Nazi government were acts of state and therefore not subject to normal judicial proceedings. After leaving the vocational college without completing the course, he worked for some months in his father’s mining company, ‘Untersberg Mining Company’. [80] Eichmann's office was responsible for collecting information on the Jews in each area, organising the seizure of their property, and arranging for and scheduling trains. Adolf Eichmann or Otto Adolf Eichmann was a SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer or a lieutenant colonel in the German Army who played an important role in organizing the Holocaust in which almost six million Jews from different countries were exterminated. In 1940 he deported almost 7,000 Baden and Saarpfalz Jews to France. Find out information about Eichmann, (Karl) Adolf. [68], Eichmann stated at his later interrogations that Heydrich told him in mid-September that Hitler had ordered that all Jews in German-controlled Europe were to be killed. [192] Appeal hearings took place between 22 and 29 March 1962. [208], The use of "Eichmann" as an archetype stems from Hannah Arendt's notion of the "banality of evil". Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. [149] Inspector Less noted that Eichmann did not seem to realise the enormity of his crimes and showed no remorse. When the war ended with the defeat of Nazi Germany, Eichmann and many other officers in the German SS fled to different countries where they asked for asylum by disguising their actual identities. [171] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. He also drew up plans for a Jewish reservation, first at Nisko in southeast Poland and later in Madagascar, but neither of these plans were ever carried out. "[151], Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961. For other uses, see, "Operation Eichmann" redirects here. He initially found work in the forestry industry and later leased a small plot of land in Altensalzkoth, where he lived until 1950. I die believing in God. Ricardo is now a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute. [201] His last words were reported to be, Long live Germany. He left this college without getting a degree. The content of his letter and other trial documents were made public on 27 January 2016. [212], In her 2011 book Eichmann Before Jerusalem, based largely on the Sassen interviews and Eichmann's notes made while in exile, Bettina Stangneth argues instead that Eichmann was an ideologically motivated antisemite and lifelong committed Nazi who intentionally built a persona as a faceless bureaucrat for presentation at the trial. [200], Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Ramla hours later. [6], Otto Adolf Eichmann,[a] the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a Calvinist Protestant family in Solingen, Germany. [116] Hermann then sent his daughter on a fact-finding mission; she was met at the door by Eichmann himself, who said that he was Klaus's uncle. [64], From the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (task forces) followed the army into conquered areas and rounded up and killed Jews, Comintern officials, and ranking members of the Communist Party. [22] After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria. [87] During the Nuremberg Trials, Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, testified that Himmler had told Höss to receive all operational instructions for the implementation of the Final Solution from Eichmann. [131] During these days, Harel tried to locate Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, as the Mossad had information that he was also living in Buenos Aires. [19] His membership in the SS was confirmed seven months later (SS member number 45,326). His zeal in deporting Jews brought him promotion (1939) to chief of the Gestapo's Jewish section. [126] The agents had arrived in April[127] and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening. [95] Nothing came of the proposal, as the Western Allies refused to consider the offer. [77] Kaltenbrunner succeeded him as head of the RSHA. Adolf 1906-1962. [94] Eichmann later testified that Berlin had authorised him to allow emigration of a million Jews in exchange for 10,000 trucks equipped to handle the wintry conditions on the Eastern Front. This department dealt with encouraging or forcing the Jews to hand over their properties and wealth to other Germans and emigrate from Germany to other countries. After the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942, Eichmann was given the prime responsibility of deporting the Jews to extermination camps where they were to be killed in the gas chambers as part of the ‘Final Solution’. [103], In 1948, Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name Ricardo Klement through an organisation directed by Bishop Alois Hudal, an Austrian cleric then residing in Italy with known Nazi sympathies. [66] On 31 July, Göring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. He adopts the name Adolf Karl Barth, and wears the uniform of a second class Luftwaffe airman. [50] He was immediately assigned to organise the deportation of 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from Ostrava district in Moravia and Katowice district in the recently annexed portion of Poland. Eichmann executed the decision that was taken in this meeting and was responsible for sending the Jews to various concentration camps where they were exterminated by the use of poisonous gas and other methods. [113] Eichmann's father died in 1960, and Wiesenthal made arrangements for private detectives to surreptitiously photograph members of the family; Eichmann's brother Otto was said to bear a strong family resemblance and there were no current photos of Eichmann. In August, 1933 he received training at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld and was sent to the Passau border as the head of a eight-man team of SS men to help Austrian National Socialists enter Germany to smuggle material for propaganda into Austria. "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty. Adolf Eichmann. [203], Within hours Eichmann's body had been cremated, and his ashes scattered in the Mediterranean Sea, outside Israeli territorial waters, by an Israeli Navy patrol boat. [176] Eichmann asserted that the decisions had been made not by him, but by Müller, Heydrich, Himmler, and ultimately Hitler. Karl Adolf . He was given the job to collect data and make the arrangements to deport Jews from different European cities under German control during the Second World War by his immediate superior Lieutenant General Reinhard Heydrich. Eichmann flees this camp on the knowledge that the Americans are checking prisoners of war for SS tattoos. [14][15], During this time, he joined the Jungfrontkämpfervereinigung, the youth section of Hermann Hiltl's right-wing veterans movement, and began reading newspapers published by the Nazi Party (NSDAP). [148] Using documents provided primarily by Yad Vashem and Nazi hunter Tuviah Friedman, Less was often able to determine when Eichmann was lying or being evasive. Eichmann, Adolf (Ä«kh`män), 1906–62, German National Socialist official.A member of the Austrian Nazi party, he headed the Austrian office for Jewish emigration (1938). Adolf Karl Eichmann dan Maria Schefferling: Otto Adolf Eichmann (lahir di Solingen, Jerman, 19 Maret 1906 – meninggal di Ramla, Israel, 1 Juni 1962 pada umur 56 tahun, dikenal sebagai Adolf Eichmann) adalah Obersturmbannführer (setara dengan letnan kolonel) Schutzstaffel dan Nazi berpangkat tinggi. His wife, who disliked Berlin, resided in Prague with the children. In hiding from Nazi-hunters, Adolf Eichmann changed his name but strangely never … [104][g] He travelled across Europe, staying in a series of monasteries that had been set up as safe houses. [55] From the start of the war until April 1941, around 63,000 Jews were transported into the General Government. [196] Eichmann's wife and brothers also wrote to Ben-Zvi requesting clemency. Adolf Eichmann was the main architect of the Final Solution, the Nazi plan to exterminate Jews that led to more than six million deaths. Guardian. [170], Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis. [204], The trial and the surrounding media coverage sparked renewed interest in wartime events, and the resulting increase in publication of memoirs and scholarly works helped raise public awareness of the Holocaust. Adolf, the son of Karl Adolf Eichmann. [130], Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team. [13] He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months. The Nazi war criminal was raised in a devoutly Evangelical environment, his father Adolf Karl a frequent church-g… [82] Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos. Eichmann was frightened and attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid. [144] The assertion that the CIA knew where Eichmann was and withheld that information from the Israelis has been challenged as "ahistorical. After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons. Adolf Eichmann was executed on June 1, 1962. Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed. After an unremarkable school career, Eichmann briefly worked for his father's mining company in Austria, where the family had moved in 1914. From 1925 to 1927 he worked at the ‘Oberosterreichische Elektrobau AG’ as a sales clerk. [184], The trial adjourned on 14 August, and the verdict was read on 12 December. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty. [118] The government of Israel paid a reward to Hermann in 1971, twelve years after he had provided the information. [40] They prepared a report on their visit, which was published in 1982. [18], On the advice of family friend and local SS leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895. [98] Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to be forced to march, in appalling conditions, from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi). [61] On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Main Security Office: Madagascar Project), calling for the resettlement to Madagascar of a million Jews per year for four years. Birthplace: Solingen, Germany Location of death: Ramleh prison, Israel Cause of death: Execution Remai. His parents were businessman and industrialist Adolf Karl Eichmann and Maria, born Schefferling After his mother died in 1914, after the birth of the last child, [166] Hausner ignored police recommendations to call only 30 witnesses; only 14 of the witnesses called had seen Eichmann during the war. [102] Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals starting in 1946. [70] Around this time, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel), the highest rank he achieved. [140] In the ensuing debate, Israeli representative (and later Prime Minister) Golda Meir claimed that the abductors were not Israeli agents but private individuals and so the incident was only an "isolated violation of Argentine law". [12] His poor school performance resulted in his father's withdrawing him from the Realschule and enrolling him in the Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau vocational college. "[145], Eichmann was taken to a fortified police station at Yagur in Israel, where he spent nine months. [56] On many of the trains in this period, up to a third of the deportees died in transit. [121] Argentina had a history of turning down extradition requests for Nazi criminals, so rather than filing a probably futile request for extradition, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made the decision that Eichmann should be captured and brought to Israel for trial. The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination. [27][28][e] Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934. [47] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. [138], In Argentina, news of the abduction was met with a violent wave of antisemitism carried out by far-right elements, including the Tacuara Nationalist Movement. [134], Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by an Israeli doctor on the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant. [43] Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control. [78], Eichmann did not make policy, but acted in an operational capacity. Eichmann was accepted into the SD and assigned to the sub-office on Freemasons, organising seized ritual objects for a proposed museum and creating a card index of German Freemasons and Masonic organisations. Long live Austria. [169] In addition to wartime documents, material presented as evidence included tapes and transcripts from Eichmann's interrogation and Sassen's interviews in Argentina. His body was cremated and the ashes were spread at sea, beyond Israel's territorial waters.
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